https://ujmdd.mzumbe.ac.tz/index.php/ujmdd <p>‘<em>Uongozi’</em> is a Kiswahili word for Leadership. <strong>“UONGOZI” - Journal of Management Development Dynamics (UJMDD)</strong> is a multidisciplinary journal sponsored and published by Mzumbe University, Tanzania. The Journal aims at providing management trainers, consultants and practicing managers and other stakeholders with a scholarly forum for an exchange of ideas and experiences. The objective is to fill the vacuum of relevant information for managers, management experts and students in African countries and beyond.</p> <p>The Journal is published <strong><em>twice</em></strong><em> a year,</em> in <strong>June</strong> and <strong>December</strong>.</p> Mzumbe University en-US The UONGOZI Journal of Management and Development Dynamics 0856-1435 https://ujmdd.mzumbe.ac.tz/index.php/ujmdd/article/view/202 <p>Small-scale maize farmers often need to make one harvest serve several purposes: food, school costs,<br>farm inputs, and capital for another livelihood activity. This study examined whether reinvesting<br>maize-sale income in other crops, horticulture, livestock, and small businesses was associated with<br>more sustainable livelihoods among farmers in four wards of Kondoa District, Tanzania. A crosssectional mixed-methods design combined a household survey of 406 farmers with focus-group and<br>key-informant evidence collected in 2022. Descriptive statistics established the prevalence of<br>reinvestment, Cronbach’s alpha assessed the internal consistency of two livelihood-outcome indices,<br>chi-square tests examined ward differences, and ordinary least-squares models with HC3 robust<br>standard errors estimated adjusted associations. Half of respondents reported using maize income to<br>support other crops (50.5%), 45.2% horticulture, 51.0% livestock, and 40.5% a small business. The<br>asset-improvement and social-well-being indices showed good internal consistency (α=.777 and<br>.815). Crop reinvestment was positively associated with asset improvement (B=.166, p&lt;.001) and<br>social well-being (B=.123, p&lt;.001). Livestock (B=.106, p=.005) and small-business reinvestment<br>(B=.092, p=.003) were also associated with social well-being. Among respondents with complete<br>income data, small-business reinvestment was associated with 40.6% higher income from other<br>livelihood activities (B=.341, p=.039), controlling for maize income and household characteristics.<br>Focus-group accounts helped explain these patterns: farmers described diversification as a practical<br>response to unreliable maize markets and as a way to meet everyday household needs. Because the<br>evidence is cross-sectional and self-reported, the findings indicate association rather than causation.<br>Strengthening market access, financial capability, and context-specific advisory services may help<br>farmers convert maize earnings into more resilient livelihood portfolios.</p> Fredrick Golden Frank Theobald Theodory Athanas Ngalawa Copyright (c) 2026 mzumbe university 2026-09-30 2026-09-30 36 1 1 17 10.69522/uongozi.v36i1.202